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Falso Corallo - Myriapora Truncata
Trina di Mare - Reteporella grimaldii
Il phylum Bryozoa (Briozoi) o più correttamente Ectoprocta è composto da piccoli animali invertebrati acquatici, quasi esclusivamente marini, che vivono in colombiani arborescenti ancorati ad un substrato sommerso.
Briozoi – Bryozaons – Trina di Mare – Reteporella grimaldii – intotheblue.it
Etimologia
Dal greco brion = muschio e zione = animale, poiché l’aspetto delle colonie ricorda quello del muschio.
Distribuzione e habitat
I Briozoi vivono su fondali rocciosi, ma anche sabbiosi e limosi, preferiscono ambienti marini tropicali, tuttavia per la loro distribuzione mondiale possono definirsi cosmopoliti.
Descrizione
Una colonia di Briozoi è formata da singoli individui, detti zooidi, che raggiungono al massimo mezzo millimetro. Ogni zooide vive racchiuso in un involucro di forma allungata, un doppio parete, calcareo o chitinoso, detto zooecio, a volte chiuso da un opercolo.
Ciascun individuo è costituito da una parte che si trova permanentemente dentro la teca, detta cistìde, e una che viene fuori, detta polipìde. Quest’ultima è munita di una cresta rilevata, il lofoforo, che porta una corona di tentacoli attorno all’apertura boccale, che fungono da organi per la nutrizione, la respirazione e la percezione degli stimoli esterni. Il cistide costituisce la parte fondamentale dell’animale in quanto è lui stesso a secernere lo zooecio e a rigenerare il polipide se necessario.
Il lofoforo nei Briozoi marini ha forma circolare, mentre in quelle di acqua dolce è una forma di ferro da cavallo.
Il polipide può essere rapidamente ritratto in zooecio grazie a un retrattore muscolare e può essere successivamente estratto grazie a parietali muscoli. L’eversione avviene molto più lentamente, secondo due diversi meccanismi:
Nel caso in cui lo zooecio sia poco calcificato e dunque elastico, i muscoli parietali collegati al cistide si contraggono, deformando il corpo dell’animale e facendo aumentare la pressione del liquido interno, la quale causa l’eversione della polipide verso il solo foro.
Se invece lo zooecio è molto calcificato e dunque rigido, esso non può essere deformato e quindi viene sfruttato un altro meccanismo: un interno sacco pieno di acqua e comunicante con l’esterno (asco), is expanded by contraction of muscles connected to it Modo che la sua espansione di volume causi l’aumento di pressione dei liquidi interni e l’eversione dei polipide.
I Briozoi non hanno un apparato circolatorio. Hanno un apparato digerente ricurvo ad U, con la bocca vicina all’ano nella parte superiore e stomaco e intestino in quella inferiore.
Alcune specie hanno, come apparato nervoso, un ganglio nervoso posto sotto il lofoforo.
Falso Corallo – Myriapora Truncata – intotheblue.it
Le colonie sono generalmente polimorfiche, cioè gli zooidi possono assumere una diversa morfologia a seconda della loro funzione. Caratteristiche sono le aviculari e le vibracularie. Le aviculari hanno una forma che ricorda la testa di un uccello (da cui il nome), con l’opercolo modificato a formare un becco con funzione difensiva. Le vibracularie invece hanno un’opercolo notevolmente allungato e muscolarizzato che passano sulla colonia per ripulirla dai detriti.
Biologia Riproduzione
Questi animali si riproducono sia asessualmente che sessualmente. Il fondatore della nuova colonia, detto ancestrula, origina per gemmazione gli altri zooidi, che di conseguenza hanno tutti lo stesso patrimonio genetico. Nell’ambito della stessa colonia è tuttavia presente una vasta differenziazione morfologica tra i diversi individui secondo il ruolo che svolgono (pulizia, riproduzione, difesa, ecc.).
I Briozoi sono generalmente ermafroditi. Gran parte delle specie marine appartenenti a questo phylum trattiene l’embrione in una camera incubatrice annessa allo zooecio, nutrendolo attraverso una tessuto di tipo placentare. Dall’embrione si sviluppa una larva ciliata tipo trocofora, chiamata cifonauta, che ha l’aspetto di un cono appiattito con ciuffo apicale di labbra. Le larve, dopo la schiusa, scendono sul fondale del mare e, con la punta rivolta verso il basso, si fissano su un substrato fondando una nuova colonia per gemmazione.
Inoltre, è opportuno precisare che i Bryozoa comprendono anche il sottotipo Entoprocta, con bocca e ano che si aprono all’interno del lofoforo. Di queste forme non esiste una testimonianza fossile, poiché esse sono prive di scheletro.
Alimentazione
I Briozoi si cibano di plancton e di particelle organiche che catturano filtrando l’acqua.
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